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Pure Quality Drinking Water

OVERVIEW WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS

Water purification systems like water softeners, water purifiers and filters are becoming a necessity in our modern lifestyle in order to purify our water.
Water sources are becoming more and more polluted with chemicals, bacteria, toxic metals and other contaminants despite industrial methods of water treatment in residential areas.
When you're in the process of choosing a water treatment system for your house, there are few important things that you need to keep in mind:

  • Its ability to reduce contaminants 
  • Its suitability to the water conditions that could be found in your community
  • Its ability to withstand the heat as well as the cold
  • Its ability to avoid corrosion
  • High chemical tolerance

First of all, home water treatment systems should be able to remove as much contaminants  as it can.
This is how you can ensure yourself that what you have is clean water that's safe for drinking and other uses.
If you want to ensure that the treatment method you have chosen is the one your need, you may have to take a good look at the manufacturer's specifications. These water conditions may include the presence of chlorine, temperature and pressure, iron, hardness, as well as TDS (total dissolved solids).

  • Additional information

Most Common Water Filtration Systems

1. Pitchers are the easiest way to get filtered drinking water.

  • Filter by using a charcoal filter to remove the bad particles.
  • Charcoal can break off the filter and deposit into the water. The charcoal can have contaminants stored inside and can cause harmful effects to the body.
  • If you use a lot of water, though, it can get tiresome to keep filling the pitcher and having to wait for the water to filter through.

2. Faucet-mounted water filters These filters mount onto your faucet, and also utilize disposable filters.

  • It can slow down your water flow.
  • Most have an option to choose filtered or non-filtered when you turn on the tap.

3. Under the sink filters They filter water faster than the faucet-mounted varieties. While disposable, the filter cartridges will last longer on under the sink models than above the sink models.

4. Reverse osmosis filters are the only answer if your water contains nitrates and perchlorate. They are very wasteful and slow

  • approximately five gallons are wasted for every gallon of pure water that is filtered.
  • The contaminants are back-flushed back into the community water supply.
  •  Reverse osmosis filters also take out beneficial chemicals as well, like calcium.

5. Whole water house filters treat the entire water supply for your house, so all the water you use, including for bathing, laundry, and the toilet, have been filtered.

  • The cartridges last a long time, and water flow is high.

6. Distillation filters boil the water and condense the steam into pure water.
Most impurities are left behind in the process, but chlorine and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) will need to be removed with an additional filtration system.

  •  these systems may be difficult to find.

Activated Carbon Filters

Activated carbon filters used for home water treatment typically contain either granular activated carbon (GAC) or powdered block carbon. Although both are effective, carbon block filters generally have a higher ratio of contaminant removal. The two most important factors affecting the efficiency of activated carbon filtration are
    1.the amount of carbon in the unit
   2.the amount of time the contaminant spends in contact with it. Therefore, the more carbon you have, the better.

Activated carbon is carbon which has a slight electro-positive charge added to it, making it even more attractive to chemicals and impurities. As the water passes over the positively charged carbon surface, the negative ions of the contaminants are drawn to the surface of the carbon granules, acting like a magnet.

Activated charcoal is carbon that has been treated with oxygen. The treatment results in a very porous charcoal. These tiny holes allow liquids or gases to pass through the charcoal and interact with the exposed carbon. The carbon adsorbs a wide range of impurities and contaminants, including chlorine, odors, and pigments. Other substances, like sodium, fluoride, and nitrates, are not as attracted to the carbon and cannot be filtered out. Because adsorption works by chemically binding the impurities to the carbon, the active sites in the charcoal eventually become filled, leaving you with having to replace your filter.

  •  Activated charcoal filters become less effective with use and have to be recharged or replaced. When flow conditions are suitable, dissolved chemicals in water flowing over the carbon surface “stick” to the carbon in a thin film while the water passes on. 

Advantages:

  • most cost effective
  • most effective removal of organic compounds including VOCs, radon, and chlorine

Disadvantages:

  • frequent filter changes are often required
  • reduces the contact between the contaminant and the carbon which reduces efficiency, and the accumulation of bacteria in the filter

Ion Exchange (Water Softeners)

Water softeners are specific ion exchangers that are designed to remove ions, mainly positively charged calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. A water softener collects hardness minerals within its conditioning tank and from time to time flushes them away. Softeners are also able to remove up to 5 ppm (mg/L) of clear water (dissolved) iron.

 Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. In most cases the term is used to identify the processes of purification, separation, and decontamination of water and other ion-containing solutions with solid polymeric or minerilistic 'ion exchangers'

Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions or anion exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions. There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. The simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be more efficiently performed in mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins, or passing the treated solution through several different ion exchange materials.

Ion exchangers can be unselective or have binding preferences for certain ions or classes of ions, depending on their chemical structure. This can be dependent on the size of the ions, their charge, or their structure.

Ion exchange is a reversible process and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded with desirable ions by washing with an excess of these ions.

 This process happens by ion exchange on the resin.  The system its self has beads of resin that want to be bound with the affinity of hard metals.  We add salt as the lowest affinity to bind to the resin and then when the hard water comes through the magnesium and calcium have the stronger affinity for the resin so the salt leaves the bead in replace for the calcium and magnesium.  This softens the water by taking out the hard minerals and replacing them with salt, which the human body can stand in small proportions.

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to remove the salt from seawater. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol).

Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side.

Pressure needs to be balanced or it could blow membrane out. In general, this process is easy because you are just applying pressure to water, but the process is slow to balance the pressure. When you use reverse osmosis the final product is similar to distilled water, in the fact that it took out everything; the good and bad minerals. 

Pro:

  • Reverse osmosis systems are very beneficial for industrial use, especially film processing and printing. The system remove minerals from the water which is what film processing requires.
  • best process for removing contaminants.

Cons:

  • If you are looking for pure drinking water, the reverse osmosis system is not going to cut it by itself. Chlorine will have to be added. And then the membrane you use will have to be the right one to keep it from becoming damaged.
  • the process is slow and takes out the good and the bad minerals. 
  • Another down side to using this system is that some chemicals are light enough to pass through the membrane right along with the water. These chemicals, such as pesticides or herbicides can only be removed by using chlorine.